MJ National Survey

Income

Key findings on income and transport poverty across Canada

In Canada, household income shapes nearly every aspect of how people get around*. What modes people can afford, how far they can realistically travel, and whether transportation opens up opportunities or closes them off all vary significantly by income.

These findings come from the Mobilizing Justice National Survey on Transport Poverty. Across Canada, lower-income households face compounding disadvantages: less access to cars, affordability impacting travel choices, and transportation barriers reducing employment opportunities.

Low-income households are far less likely to own private vehicles
31%
of individuals living in low-income* households do not own a private vehicle
3%
of individuals living in high-income* households do not own a private vehicle
Low-income households are far less likely to own private vehicles

31% of low-income individuals do not own a private vehicle, compared to fewer than 3% of high-income individuals. Without access to a car, daily travel depends heavily on transit and active modes. As a result, low-income individuals walk and take public transit to work at considerably higher rates than middle- and high-income groups, and report driving much less.

Fewer low-income individuals reported never using a taxi or ride-hailing to work, nearly 6 percentage points lower than the other two income groups. This may be attributed to lower car ownership among low-income populations and reliance on public transit, which can be unreliable at times, or active transportation, which might be inconvenient during adverse weather conditions.

Low-income households are more likely to use public transit
Take public transit to work 5× per week (%)
Individuals in low-income* households
15%
Individuals in high-income* households
4%
Transit pass ownership (%)
Individuals in low-income* households
22%
Individuals in high-income* households
15%
Low-income households are more likely to use public transit

15% of low-income individuals take public transit to work five times a week, compared to 4% of high-income individuals, a gap of 11 percentage points. Transit pass ownership follows the same pattern, at 22% among low-income households versus 15% among high-income households.

These patterns highlight the greater dependence of low-income individuals on public transit for everyday mobility, suggesting the importance of affordable, reliable, and accessible public transit.

Low-income individuals also generally showed more positive perceptions of public transit compared to high-income individuals, who showed a greater inclination towards driving. The differences are modest, but the direction is consistent.

Transport barriers are costing low-income residents job opportunities

Respondents that agreed or strongly agreed that they have declined employment opportunities due to their transport situation (%)

35%
Low-income* respondents
21%
High-income* respondents
Transport barriers are costing low-income residents job opportunities

35% of low-income individuals agreed or strongly agreed that their transport situation has led them to decline employment opportunities, compared to 21% of high-income individuals.

Similar patterns were found for educational opportunities. Low-income respondents were more likely to report not pursuing education due to transport barriers. Reduced educational participation may limit access to better employment over time, suggesting transport disadvantage can compound across generations.

It is also worth noting that this figure may underestimate the true impact. Low-income individuals who have grown accustomed to recurring transport constraints may no longer consciously register them as barriers, even though these challenges may still limit where they can go and what opportunities they can access.

Affordability is the main reason low-income individuals can't travel the way they prefer

Respondents that identified affordability as a reason they do not use their preferred mode of transport (%)

17%
Low-income* residents
4%
High-income* residents
Affordability is the main reason low-income individuals can't travel the way they prefer

17% of low-income individuals identified affordability as a reason they do not use their preferred mode of transport, compared to just 4% of high-income individuals. Low-income individuals also reported a stronger sense of being forced to rely on active and public transportation, with score differences of 6 to 10 points compared to other income groups.

Among those who owned a vehicle, perceptions of forced car ownership were nearly identical across income groups. The proportion with near-neutral perceptions of car ownership was about 5 percentage points higher among low-income individuals than high-income individuals, suggesting the relationship between income and car ownership pressure is not straightforward.

*Survey results are presented using three household income categories: low-income (below $60,000), middle-income ($60,000–$120,000), and high-income (above $120,000). The valid total raw sample size is 24,901, comprising 11,174 respondents with household incomes below $60,000 (44.9%), 7,992 with incomes of $60,000–$120,000 (32.1%), and 5,735 with incomes above $120,000 (23.0%). To ensure that the results are representative of the Canadian population, analyses use weighted sample sizes: 28,527,262 in total, including 10,014,472 respondents with household incomes below $60,000 (35.1%), 11,317,164 with incomes of $60,000–$120,000 (39.7%), and 7,195,626 with incomes above $120,000 (25.2%).

Research and writing: Paromita Nakshi, Andrei Botescu, Ignacio Tiznado-Aitken and Steven Farber
Data visualization: Jeff Allen